@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Thresholds of income inequality that mitigate the role of gender inclusive education in promoting gender economic inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu, Nicholas M. Odhiambo },
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Inequality-Female-Education-and-Female-Economic-Inclusion.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-02},
abstract = {This study provides thresholds of inequality that should not be exceeded if gender inclusive education is to enhance gender inclusive formal economic participation in sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence is based on the Generalised Method of Moments and data from 42 countries during the period 2004-2014. The following findings are established. First, inclusive tertiary education unconditionally promotes gender economic inclusion while the interaction between tertiary education and inequality is unfavourable to gender economic inclusion. Second, a Gini coefficient that nullifies the positive incidence of inclusive tertiary education on female labour force participation is 0.562. Second, the Gini coefficient and the Palma ratio that crowd-out the negative unconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education on female unemployment are 0.547 and 6.118, respectively. Third, a 0.578 Gini coefficient, a 0.680 Atkinson index and a 6.557 Palma ratio are critical masses that wipe-out the positive unconditional effects of inclusive tertiary education on female employment. Findings associated with lower levels of education are not significant. As the main policy implication, income inequality should not be tolerated above the established thresholds in order for gender inclusive education to promote gender inclusive formal economic participation. Other implications are discussed in the light of Sustainable Development Goals. This research complements the existing literature by providing inequality thresholds that should not be exceeded in order for gender inclusive education to promote the involvement of women in the formal economic sector.},
keywords = {Africa; Inequality; Gender},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@article{Asongu,2019,
title = {Fighting terrorism in Africa when existing terrorism levels matter},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu, Vanessa S. Tchamyou, Ndemaze Asongu, Nina P. Tchamyou },
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19434472.2019.1698634},
doi = {10.1080/19434472.2019.1698634},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-02},
journal = {Behavioral Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression},
abstract = {This study examines policy tools in the fight against terrorism when existing levels of terrorism matter in 53 African countries for the period 1998–2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and Instrumental Variable Quantile regressions (QR) which enable the investigation throughout the conditional distributions of domestic, transnational and total terrorism dynamics. The following findings are established. First, counterterrorism policy instruments of inclusive human development and military expenditure further fuel terrorim. Second, political stability negatively affects terrorism with a negative threshold effect. Political stability estimates are consistently significant with increasing negative magnitudes throughout the conditional distributions of domestic and total terrorism. Policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {The Comparative African Regional Economics of Globalization in Financial Allocation Efficiency: Pre-Crisis Era Revisited},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/The-Comparative-African-Regional-Economics-of-Globalization-in-Financial-Allocation-in-Africa.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-01},
abstract = {The study assesses the role of globalization-fuelled regionalization policies on financial allocation efficiency in four economic and monetary regions in Africa for the period 1980 to 2008. Banking system and financial system efficiency proxies are used as dependent variables whereas seven bundled and unbundled globalization variables are employed as independent indicators. The bundling exercise is achieved by means of principal component analysis while the empirical evidence is based on interactive Fixed Effects regressions. The following findings are established. First, financial allocation efficiency is more sensitive to financial openness compared to trade openness and most sensitive to globalization. The relationship between allocation efficiency and globalization-fuelled regionalization policies is: (i) Kuznets or inverted U-shape in the UEMOA and CEMAC zones (evidence of decreasing returns to allocation efficiency from globalization-fuelled regionalization) and (ii) U-shape overwhelmingly in the COMESA and scantily in the EAC (increasing returns to allocation efficiency from globalization-fuelled regionalization). Established shapes are relevant to specific globalization dynamics within regions. Economic and monetary regions are more prone to surplus liquidity than purely economic regions. Policy implications and measures of fighting surplus liquidity are discussed.},
keywords = {obalization; Financial Development},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Foreign aid volatility and lifelong learning},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu, Joseph I. Uduji, Elda N. Okolo-Obasi },
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Foreign-aid-volatility-and-lifelong-learning-in-Africa.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-12-01},
abstract = {This paper has put a demand-side empirical structure to the hypothesis that foreign aid volatility adversely affects choices to lifelong learning in recipient countries. Lifelong learning is measured as the combined knowledge acquired during primary, secondary and tertiary educational enrolments. Three types of aggregate foreign aid volatilities are computed in a twofold manner: baseline standard deviations and standard errors (standard deviations of residuals after first-order autoregressive processes). An endogeneity robust system GMM empirical strategy is employed. The findings broadly show that foreign aid volatility does not adversely affect the demand-side choices of lifelong learning in Africa. As a policy implication, when faced with aid uncertainty, the demand for education would increase. This may be explained by the need for more self-reliance in order to mitigate income risks or/and the use of education as means of coping with uncertainty. More policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Lifelong learning; Foreign aid},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Fighting terrorism in Africa when existing terrorism levels matter},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu, Vanessa S. Tchamyou, Ndemaze Asongu, Nina P. Tchamyou},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Fighting-terrorism-in-Africa-when-existing-terrorism-levels-matter.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-30},
abstract = {This study examines policy tools in the fight against terrorism when existing levels of terrorism matter in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and Instrumental Variable Quantile regressions (QR) which enable the investigation throughout the conditional distributions of domestic, transnational and total terrorism dynamics. The following findings are established. First, counterterrorism policy instruments of inclusive human development and military expenditure further fuel terrorim. Second, political stability negatively affects terrorism with a negative threshold effect. Political stability estimates are consistently significant with increasing negative magnitudes throughout the conditional distributions of domestic and total terrorism. Policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Fighting terrorism in Africa when existing terrorism levels matter},
author = {implice A. Asongu, Vanessa S. Tchamyou, Ndemaze Asongu, Nina P. Tchamyou},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Fighting-terrorism-in-Africa-when-existing-terrorism-levels-matter.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-27},
abstract = {This study examines policy tools in the fight against terrorism when existing levels of terrorism matter in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and Instrumental Variable Quantile regressions (QR) which enable the investigation throughout the conditional distributions of domestic, transnational and total terrorism dynamics. The following findings are established. First, counterterrorism policy instruments of inclusive human development and military expenditure further fuel terrorim. Second, political stability negatively affects terrorism with a negative threshold effect. Political stability estimates are consistently significant with increasing negative magnitudes throughout the conditional distributions of domestic and total terrorism. Policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@article{Asongu,2019,
title = {Tourism and social media in the world: an empirical investigation},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu, Nicholas M. Odhiambo},
url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JES-07-2018-0239/full/html},
doi = {10.1108/JES-07-2018-0239},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-20},
journal = {Journal of Economic Studies},
volume = {46},
number = {7},
pages = {1319-1331 },
abstract = {Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between tourism and social media from a cross section of 138 countries with data for the year 2012.

Design/methodology/approach
The empirical evidence is based on Ordinary Least Squares, Negative Binomial and Quantile Regressions.

Findings
Two main findings are established. First, there is a positive relationship between Facebook penetration and the number of tourist arrivals. Second, Facebook penetration is more relevant in promoting tourist arrivals in countries where initial levels in tourist arrivals are the highest and low. The established positive relationship can be elucidated from four principal angles: the transformation of travel research, the rise in social sharing, improvements in customer service and the reshaping of travel agencies.

Originality/value
This study explores a new data set on social media. There are very few empirical studies on the relevance of social media in development outcomes.},
keywords = {Tourism; Social media},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@article{Asongu,2019,
title = {The persistence of global terrorism},
author = {Simplice A. Asongu},
url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/21622671.2019.1675532},
doi = {10.1080/21622671.2019.1675532},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-19},
journal = {Territory, Politics, Governance},
abstract = {This study investigates the persistence of global terrorism in a panel of 163 countries for the period 2010–15. The empirical evidence is based on generalized method of moments. The following findings are established. First, persistence in terrorism is a decreasing function of income levels because it consistently increases from high-income (through upper middle-income) to lower middle-income countries. Second, compared with Christian-oriented countries, terrorism is more persistent in Islam-oriented nations. Third, landlocked countries also reflect a higher level of persistence relative to their coastal counterparts. Fourth, Latin American countries show higher degrees of persistence when compared with Middle East and North African countries. Fifth, the main determinants of the underlying persistence are political instability and weapons import. The results are discussed to provide answers to four main questions that directly pertain to the reported findings. These questions centre on why comparative persistence in terrorism is based on income levels, religious orientation, landlockedness and regions.},
keywords = {Development, persistence, terrorism},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Agricultural Sector Performance, Institutional Framework and Food Security in Nigeria},
author = {Romanus Osabohien, Evans Osabuohien, Precious Ohalete},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Agricultural-Sector-Performance-and-Institutional-Framework-in-Nigeria.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-16},
abstract = {This study examines how the performance of the agricultural sector can be enhanced in the long-run through institutional framework thereby ensuring food security in Nigeria. It employs the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) with data from the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), World Development Indicators (WDI), and World Governance Indicators (WDI). Food security is used as the dependent variable proxied by the number of the people undernourished under the stability dimension; agricultural sector performance and institutional framework as the independent variables, while population is a control variable. Two agricultural variables (agriculture production and agriculture credit) are employed with six variables of institutional framework. The findings show that in the long-run, agriculture production and agriculture credit (agriculture variables) will increase food security by reducing the number of people undernourished by 2% and 18%, respectively. In terms of institutional framework; political stability and absence of violence and rule of law increase food security by reducing undernourishment by approximately 69% and 29%, respectively; control of corruption and voice and accountability tends to reduce food security by increasing the number of the people undernourished by 74%, 51% and 63% respectively. Therefore, the study concludes by recommending, among others, that the Nigerian institutional framework should be improved (especially the control of corruption) in addressing the challenges in the implementation of food security programmes and ensuring timely distribution of food resources.},
keywords = {agriculture, Food Security, governance},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu,2019,
title = {Youth empowerment in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of sub-Saharan Africa: The role of corporate social responsibility in Niger Delta, Nigeria},
author = {Joseph I. Uduji, Elda N. Okolo-Obasi },
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Youth-empowerment-in-non-timber-forest-products-of-sub-Saharan-Africa.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-11},
abstract = {Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of General Memorandum of Understanding (GMoUs) on rural young people involved in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for sustainable livelihood in Niger Delta, Nigeria.

Designed/methodology/approach – Data for this study were collected from primary sources, using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) technique of semi-structured interview (SSI) questionnaire. The use of a participatory research technique in collecting CSR impact data especially as it concerns the rural young people is because it involves the people being studied, and their views on all the issues are paramount. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. Inferential statistical tool-estimation of logit model was used to test the two research hypotheses.

Findings – The results indicate that general memorandum of understandings (GMoUs) have not given adequate attention to the young people as a special target sub-group who live in rural areas and depend mostly on NTFPs. Results also show that a number of factors hindering rural young people from the use and development of NTFPs include a policy vacuum, non-destructive harvesting, and destruction of natural habitats, bushfires, population growths and high demands.

Research limitations/implications – The semi structure interview questionnaire was directly administered by the researchers with the help of research assistants. The use of local research assistants was because of the inability of the researchers to speak the different local languages and dialects of the many ethnic groups of Ijaws, Ogonis, Ikweres, Etches, Ekpeyes, Ogbas, Engennes, Obolos, Isokos, Nembes, Okirikas, Kalabaris, Urhobos, Iteskiris, Igbos, Ika-Igbos, Ndonis, Orons, Ibenos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Anangs, Efiks, Bekwarras, Binis, Eshans, Etsakos, Owans, Itigidis, Epies, Akokoedos, Yakkurs, etc, in the sampled rural communities.

Practical implications –An appropriate GMoU-intervention framework for a sustainable promotion of NTFPs, domestication of NFTPs, improving harvesting and processing techniques are necessary to facilitate good security, reduction of poverty and improved livelihoods, particularly for the economically-marginalized and forest-dependent rural young people is imperative.

Social implications – Sustainable livelihoods of the forest-dependent rural young people in sub-Saharan Africa would require some focused CSR interventions on the NTFPs for sustainable livelihood. Facilities pertaining to storage, grading, processing and value addition through convergence of existing schemes and programmes should be promoted and created. MOCs are in a position to empower the rural young people with information about the market, policy and products to enable the rural people strategize and access returns from NTFPs in sub-Saharan Africa.

Originality/value – This research adds to the literature on multinational enterprises (MNEs) CSR initiatives in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of sustainable livelihood.},
keywords = {Economic Empowerment; CSR},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}