@unpublished{Asongu_110,
author = {Pritam Singh Simplice A. Asongu Sara Le Roux},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Fighting-terrorism-in-Africa-complementarity-policies.pdf},
year = {2020},
date = {2020-01-23},
abstract = {This study examines complementarities between inclusive development, military expenditure and political stability in the fight against terrorism in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. Hence the policy variables employed in the study are inclusive development, military expenditure and political stability. The empirical evidence is based on Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) with forward orthogonal deviations. The paper reports three main findings. Firstly, military expenditure and inclusive development are substitutes and not complements. Secondly, it is more relevant to use political stability as a complement of inclusive development than to use inclusive development as a complement of political stability. Thirdly, it can be broadly established that military expenditure and political stability are complementary. In the light of the sequencing, complementarity and substitutability, when the three policy variables are viewed within the same framework, it is more feasible to first pursue political stability and then complement it with military expenditure and inclusive development.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu_135,
author = {Ndemaze Asongu Nina Tchamyou P Simplice A. Asongu Vanessa S. Tchamyou},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Fighting-terrorism-in-Africa-when-existing-terrorism-levels-matter.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-30},
abstract = {This study examines policy tools in the fight against terrorism when existing levels of terrorism matter in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and Instrumental Variable Quantile regressions (QR) which enable the investigation throughout the conditional distributions of domestic, transnational and total terrorism dynamics. The following findings are established. First, counterterrorism policy instruments of inclusive human development and military expenditure further fuel terrorim. Second, political stability negatively affects terrorism with a negative threshold effect. Political stability estimates are consistently significant with increasing negative magnitudes throughout the conditional distributions of domestic and total terrorism. Policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}

@unpublished{Asongu_136,
author = {Ndemaze Asongu Nina Tchamyou P implice A. Asongu Vanessa S. Tchamyou},
url = {http://www.afridev.org/RePEc/agd/agd-wpaper/Fighting-terrorism-in-Africa-when-existing-terrorism-levels-matter.pdf},
year = {2019},
date = {2019-11-27},
abstract = {This study examines policy tools in the fight against terrorism when existing levels of terrorism matter in 53 African countries for the period 1998-2012. The empirical evidence is based on contemporary, non-contemporary and Instrumental Variable Quantile regressions (QR) which enable the investigation throughout the conditional distributions of domestic, transnational and total terrorism dynamics. The following findings are established. First, counterterrorism policy instruments of inclusive human development and military expenditure further fuel terrorim. Second, political stability negatively affects terrorism with a negative threshold effect. Political stability estimates are consistently significant with increasing negative magnitudes throughout the conditional distributions of domestic and total terrorism. Policy implications are discussed.},
keywords = {Terrorism; Africa},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {unpublished}
}